The anti-aging role of NL-Epithalon as a longevity-promoting peptide

Anti-aging effects on the body. Peptide therapy that eliminates age-related diseases and promotes longevity. 

Abstract: Epithalon, a synthetic peptide that is equivalent to the naturally occurring peptide epithalamine in the pineal gland, has broad properties that slow down the aging process. Among other things, Epithalon slows down the action of telomerase, which in turn prolongs cell life and slows down the aging process. After research and experimentation, Epithalon has been added to the existing methods for slowing down the aging process. Keywords: NL-Epithalon; Epithalon; telomere; telomerase; gene expression; aging; old age; longevity; theory; antioxidation; Haitweek limit; Parkinson's; Alzheimer's; dementia; skin 

Introduction

Scientific research and clinical trials have shown that Epitalon slows down the aging process and has powerful anti-aging properties. In addition, clinical trials to date have not shown any significant side effects, adverse reactions, or toxicity associated with the use of Epitalon.

BIOLOGICAL AGING OF THE BODY

With the end of the period of development, during which the body is in its peak biological condition, every human being over the age of 25 begins to age. It is during this period that a gradual deterioration of vital functions related to physical, mental, and social aspects begins, as well as a reduction in the physiological reserves of the organs and systems in our body. The above-mentioned factors cause, among other things, a reduction in the body's ability to withstand physiological stress, i.e., prolonged and strenuous physical exertion, a reduction in the ability to fight infections and injuries, and problems related to maintaining homeostasis.

During the aging process, the following are reduced: A. Vital capacity of the lungs B. Cardiac output C. Renal filtration D. Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract E. Bone marrow activity According to the concept that “Aging is a progressive and generalized impairment of bodily functions that leads to a loss of adaptive response to stress and an increased risk of disease.” 

AGING AND OLD AGE

Biological aging of the body has been described above and is a natural process associated with a decline in bodily functions, leading to changes in the body's systems and organs and a gradual deterioration of their functions, but without immediately significantly affecting overall vital functions. Old age, on the other hand, is nothing more than the inevitable effect of the biological aging process. Aging is a natural and long-term process that develops gradually and under the influence of which the functions of organs undergoing biological aging, over time, affect general life processes, weakening them, which has an impact on the daily functioning of the body. In old age, new adaptive mechanisms also develop in the body, which facilitate functioning during this process and preserve the body's compensatory abilities. 

BASIC SYMPTOMS OF AGING IN THE HUMAN BODY

A. Impaired sense of taste and decreased enjoyment of food as a result of deteriorating ability to chew thoroughly, decreased sensitivity of taste buds; B. Crumbling enamel and missing teeth; C. Decreased flexibility of muscles, joints, and tendons caused by, among other things, a decrease in collagen. Wear and tear of joint cartilage; D. Loss of elasticity of arterial vessels; E. Impaired absorption of nutrients such as iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamin B12; F. Gastrointestinal complaints; G. Impaired memory and thought processes; H. The emergence of food intolerances, most commonly lactose; I. Reduced thirst; J. Sleep problems. Shortened sleep time and reduced sleep quality; K. Problems related to hearing and vision impairment; L. Changes in body composition, i.e., increased fat mass and decreased muscle and bone mass; M. Slowed metabolism; N. Slowing of intestinal peristalsis, reduction in gastric acidity, reduction in digestive enzyme activity, which translates into a greater tendency to constipation, diarrhea, and difficulties with digestion and absorption of selected nutrients; O. Reduced ability of the body to cope with increased physical exertion; P. Reduced ability to concentrate, associate, and remember; R. Changes in blood pressure; S. Skin sagging, appearance of wrinkles, spots, and discoloration; T. Weakening of the skin's defenses, making it more susceptible to bacteria and toxins; U. Increased susceptibility to disease and reduced ability to cope with it.

 CAUSES OF AGING/SELECTED THEORIES OF AGING

1. Somatic mutation theory The accumulation of random damage to genetic material and proteins leads to a reduction in the body's regenerative abilities, causing it to age more quickly. Mutations can be caused by, among other things, exposure to natural sources of radiation. 2. Error catastrophe theory The accumulation of errors occurring during protein synthesis, in translation and transcription, leads over time to damage to cellular functions, consequently accelerating the body's aging processes. 3. Free radical theory Reactive molecules involved in oxygen metabolism can damage cell membrane proteins, enzymes, and DNA. With age, the production of free radicals increases, leading to the accumulation of tissue damage. 4. Protein modification theory As a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., glycation), changes occur in the structure of proteins, which accumulate and disrupt cell or tissue functions, leading to accelerated aging. 5. Immunological theory The deterioration of the immune system and the weakening of T and B lymphocyte function cause a decrease in resistance to infections and an increase in autoimmune diseases. A decrease in immune surveillance leads to an increase in carcinogenesis. 6. Neuroendocrine theory Changes occurring in the nervous and endocrine systems, mainly in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, insulin, and growth factors lead to abnormal responses of the body to environmental stimuli. 7. Developmental-genetic theory Aging is the next stage in the development and maturation of the body, where catabolic processes prevail over anabolic processes, triggering the onset of aging.

NL-EPITHALON ANTI-AGING PEPTIDE

Epithalon, a synthetic peptide that is equivalent to the naturally occurring peptide epithalamine in the pineal gland, has a wide range of properties that slow down the aging process. Among other things, Epithalon slows down the action of telomerase, which in turn prolongs cell life and slows down the aging process. After research and experimentation, Epithalon has been added to the existing methods for slowing down the aging process.

TELOMERE 

Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes. They consist of conservative and oligomeric nucleotide sequences. Telomeres are primarily composed of chromatin, which is transcriptionally inactive, and the transcriptionally active subtelomeric region located directly behind the telomeres, which they protect. In the human body, the telomere sequence consists of several repeated nucleotides. The length of telomeres depends on the mechanisms that occur during the replication process, ranging from 2 to 10 kbp. Located at the ends of chromosomes, they protect DNA strands from defragmentation and damage caused during replication. Long telomeres guarantee a longer life and a lower incidence of age-related diseases. 

HAITWEEK LIMIT

During cell division, telomeres shorten until they disappear completely. The number of cell divisions is limited and determined by the so-called Hayflick limit, which is considered one of the factors of aging. However, it turns out that some cells have their own weapon against this phenomenon. It is telomerase, an enzyme that enables the reconstruction of telomeres. 

TELOMERASE

The telomerase enzyme, as a reverse transcriptase, is responsible for maintaining the appropriate length of telomeres. Telomerase plays a key role, among other things, in the process of cell proliferation. An integral component of telomerase is the RNA template used for DNA synthesis. Telomerase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that synthesizes telomeres by reverse transcription. In short, telomerase is an enzyme that adds the missing section of the DNA strand using an RNA molecule integrated with it.

THE EFFECT OF NL-EPITHALON ON TELOMERASE

The studies, conducted using human fibroblast cultures with negative telomerase results, led to the induction of catalytic subunit expression, telomerase enzymatic activity, and telomere elongation, most likely caused by the reactivation of the telomerase gene in somatic cells, indicating the possibility of prolonging the life of the cell population and the entire organism through the use of Epithalon. In addition, earlier studies conducted on animal models have shown that the use of Epithalon reduces the frequency of chromosomal mutations, which was synonymous with telomere elongation and, consequently, a slowdown in the aging process. In summary, Epithalon, as a telomerase activator, promotes telomere elongation, which has a beneficial effect on both life expectancy and quality of life. Under the influence of Epithalon, telomerase expression increases and telomeres elongate. This telomere elongation is sufficient to exceed the Hayflick limit. 

GEN EXPRESSION

In general terms, gene expression is the process by which genetic information contained in a DNA fragment called a gene is decoded to produce a gene product, which is often a protein. To do this, the information contained in the DNA must first be copied by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) into messenger RNA (mRNA) in a process called transcription. 

GEN EXPRESSION AND EPITHALON

One scientific theory suggests that aging is a biological process of changes in gene expression, resulting in disturbances in the production of specific regulatory peptides, which in turn causes adverse pathological changes in tissues and organs. Epithalon participates in the regulation of the expression of certain genes and influences the activity of certain proteins, including HMGB1, which plays a key role in DNA repair and determines telomere stability. 

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF EPITHALON

Antioxidation is a process in which harmful free radicals are purified and neutralized. The body can be purified in two ways, including by introducing appropriate substances into the diet. Epitalon helps to strengthen the body's antioxidant barrier. It promotes the increased expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX, GST) and also promotes the proper release of melatonin, which is also a powerful antioxidant. These compounds are crucial for maintaining the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their neutralization. An imbalance leads to oxidative stress, which is considered one of the main factors in accelerated aging and the development of many diseases. 

 NL-EPITHALON IN THE ANTI-AGING PROCESSES OF THE BODY AND ITS EFFECT ON SPECIFIC DISEASES RELATED TO AGING

Epitalon, a telomerase-activating peptide, directly stimulates cells in the body to produce the telomerase enzyme, which renews and lengthens telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. This ultimately leads to a slowdown in the aging of the cell population, and the aging of the cell population correlates with the overall aging of the body. Clinical trials conducted with Epithalon have shown that administration of the peptide not only reversed the symptoms of aging, but also slowed down many age-related diseases. Age-related diseases that are alleviated or slowed down by the use of NL-Epithalon include: 1. Depression First of all, it should be noted that depression at a younger age may show completely different symptoms than those that occur during the aging process. Memory problems, concentration difficulties, insomnia, weakness, loss of appetite, and muscle pain attributed to old age may be signs of depression in older people, which, if left untreated, can lead to dangerous consequences. 2. Parkinson's disease This is a degeneration of brain structures of unknown cause. Parkinson's disease involves the loss of dopaminergic cells, which causes characteristic symptoms. This disease is characterized by an asymmetrical, unilateral onset of symptoms. This asymmetry persists until the end, even when the symptoms are bilateral. The initial symptoms of Parkinson's in older people include: periodic hand tremors, shoulder pain (known as frozen shoulder), micrographia (writing in small letters), tripping over uneven ground with one leg, and lack of balance in the upper limbs when walking.  3. Senile dementia (senile dementia) This is a term used to describe a group of symptoms associated with cognitive decline. Senile dementia is often equated with Alzheimer's disease, but it is not the only cause of dementia. Senile dementia can also be caused by Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Dementia manifests itself in, among other things: severe mood swings (depression, autoaggression), delusions in older people, problems with memory and concentration, memory loss in older people, sleep disorders, inability to assess situations properly, speech disorders (slurred or residual speech to the point of disappearance), and spatial orientation disorders. 4. Alzheimer's disease This disease involves degeneration of the brain due to the accumulation of proteins with a pathological structure. This in turn leads to the death of neurons and a reduction in the amount of neurotransmitters they produce. The disease is characterized by progressive memory and behavioral disorders, which in advanced stages completely prevent the patient from functioning normally. Genetic and environmental factors, mainly age, influence the onset of this disease. The risk of developing the disease is increased by: hypertension, heart failure, type II diabetes, low physical activity, and lack of social contact. 5. Skin aging Aging is a natural and inevitable biological process involving progressive changes over time, including a decrease in biological cell activity, a slowdown in regenerative processes, a reduction in immunity and response to environmental stress, and a decrease in the body's adaptive properties, which are controlled by genetic factors. The most characteristic symptom of all types of skin aging processes is the appearance of wrinkles on the skin's surface. Depending on their depth, wrinkles are classified as superficial or deep. They most often appear around the eye sockets and as horizontal or vertical furrows on the forehead, cheeks, lower face, and neck. 

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