NL-Epithalon as a peptide that improves and maintains the functioning of the circulatory system

Therapy with the NL-Epithalon peptide helps maintain proper blood flow in our body, and consequently, the peptide is primarily helpful in maintaining normal blood pressure.

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. One of the most important risk factors for heart diseases is, among others, high blood pressure. The action of the NL-Epithalon peptide allows for the restoration and regulation of normal blood pressure in our body, which leads to better physical condition and halts the development of many diseases and ailments resulting from disorders of the cardiovascular system.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system, as a closed system transporting blood, consists of the heart and blood vessels. The main element of the circulatory system is the heart, located in the mediastinum behind the breastbone, which is made of striated muscle tissue, enabling contractions that cause blood circulation in the blood vessels. The heart structure includes two atria and two ventricles, the right and left ventricle. Since the atria only push blood into the ventricles, their walls are thinner than the walls of the ventricles, which push blood into all arteries. For blood to reach even the most distant cells of the body, its pressure must be high enough to have this capability. Veins carrying blood to the heart open into the atria, and arteries carrying blood away from the heart exit from the ventricles. Between the atria and ventricles and at the exit of vessels from the ventricles are valves that open only one way, forcing one-way blood flow and preventing backflow.

HEART FUNCTION

The heartbeat is a continuous process because the lack of blood supply to any organ through its beating leads to irreversible, dangerous changes and tissue death. Blood carried by veins is first delivered to both atria, and when they contract, the supplied blood is pushed into the heart ventricles. At the moment of ventricular contraction, blood is pushed from the heart into the arteries. After this phase, the heart remains in a short rest period, and when it relaxes, its atria fill with blood again.

STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS

Blood is distributed throughout the body by blood vessels, specifically arteries, veins, and capillaries. The outer part of blood vessels forms their protective layer, the middle layer is made of smooth muscle tissue, which allows them to narrow or widen, thus regulating blood flow, while the inner layer is thin and smooth to ensure free blood flow. Blood in arteries flows under very high pressure, so the muscle layer and inner membrane are thick. Conversely, the muscle layer of veins is thin due to the low pressure of blood flow. The inner membrane forms valves that prevent blood backflow and help push blood against gravity. Between arteries and veins, there are connections in the form of very thin capillaries forming dense networks. The walls of capillaries consist of only one layer of cells, i.e., simple squamous epithelium, which allows gas exchange and the passage of various substances into and out of the vessels.

BLOOD CIRCULATION IN THE BLOODSTREAM

Blood flow is possible thanks to a closed system consisting of two circulations, the small and the large. In the small circulation, also called pulmonary, the flowing blood contains a large amount of carbon dioxide and a small amount of oxygen and is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries. These branch into smaller arterioles, eventually becoming thin capillaries surrounding the lung alveoli. Gas exchange occurs between the blood in the capillaries and the lung alveoli, where blood releases carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen by diffusion. Oxygenated blood returns through venous capillaries, which gather into larger veins. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood into the left atrium. At the moment of contraction in the left atrium, blood flows into the left ventricle, where the work of the second circulation, the large circulation, begins. Then blood from the left ventricle enters the largest artery of the body, the aorta, which branches into smaller arteries that, approaching body cells, form a system of capillaries. Through them, oxygen and nutrients are delivered near the cells, and metabolic waste products are collected. Gas diffusion occurs in the cells, i.e., internal gas exchange. Oxygen travels to the tissues, and carbon dioxide passes from the tissues into the capillaries. Deoxygenated blood is collected into venous capillaries, which join into larger veins. The main veins from the upper and lower parts of the body carry blood with carbon dioxide to the right atrium.

REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE AORTA, MEASUREMENT OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE

In systemic arteries, pressure is high because they have thick, tense walls, and blood is pumped into them by the left ventricle during contraction. During ventricular relaxation, after the aortic valve closes, pressure should drop to zero. However, at rest in a healthy person, arterial pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, meaning during the heart cycle it does not exceed 120 mm Hg and does not fall below 80 mm Hg, so it does not drop to zero. This happens because the walls of the aorta are elastic, made of both smooth muscle and elastic fibers. They stretch like a spring, accepting blood from the left ventricle, but during relaxation return to their original position, exerting pressure on the blood volume inside and pushing it further into the periphery. Thanks to this, blood flow through the periphery is continuous, not intermittent.

THE IMPORTANCE OF RESISTANCE ARTERIOLES IN REGULATING BLOOD FLOW

During the branching of arteries, their elasticity decreases, and their walls are mainly made of smooth muscle. Blood flow becomes faster. Arterial pressure gradually falls. The arterial system ends with arterioles, and it is here that the pressure drop is particularly large, as some of these arterioles completely contract, causing blood not to pass further to the capillaries; therefore, they are often called resistance vessels. Resistance vessels contract and relax alternately because if all contracted simultaneously, pressure would drop to very low values. This phenomenon can be observed in anaphylactic shock, where circulating blood volume is normal, but arterial pressure may fall to unmeasurable levels due to total paralysis of resistance vessels.

NORMAL ARTERIAL PRESSURE

Based on epidemiological studies, the boundary between normal and high blood pressure is set at 140/90 mmHg. From this level, the risk of organ complications caused by high blood pressure, such as coronary artery disease or stroke, significantly increases. Detailed analysis of the relationship between pressure and complications shows that this risk decreases in patients with even lower pressure values. The concept of optimal pressure refers to values not exceeding 120/80 mmHg.

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

High blood pressure is a disease characterized by elevated blood pressure, i.e., arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher. This disease is diagnosed based on multiple blood pressure measurements, usually taken over several days or weeks. High blood pressure should not and must not be diagnosed based on a single blood pressure measurement. In most patients, no specific cause of high blood pressure development is found. Many factors can influence its elevated values, such as genetic causes, obesity, high salt intake, aging, mental factors including chronic stress, or an unhealthy lifestyle characterized by low physical activity and a sedentary way of life.

LOW BLOOD PRESSURE

Low blood pressure is a condition called hypotension. It is a form of circulatory system disorder, resulting in complaints from various organs. Low blood pressure occurs when an adult's systolic pressure falls below 100-105 mmHg, which is a conventional value as it does not consider factors such as sex, age, or genetic predispositions. Low blood pressure does not always indicate a serious illness. It most often occurs in people who regularly and intensively practice sports and in women with a slender body build. It affects all age groups, although it usually appears in children during puberty who have low body weight. Generally, a person is born with low pressure, which increases with age, but sometimes not sufficiently. Although low blood pressure is not as dangerous as high blood pressure, it should not be ignored because a sudden drop in pressure can lead to loss of consciousness, for example, while driving vehicles.

THE EFFECT OF NL-EPITHALON ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

The most common lipid disorder in high blood pressure is hypercholesterolemia, mainly due to its prevalence in the general population, but more characteristic is atherogenic dyslipidemia. This concerns high blood pressure associated with hyperinsulinemia. However, the most characteristic is atherogenic dyslipidemia, which mainly occurs in patients with hyperinsulinemia. It means increased triglyceride levels and decreased HDL cholesterol. This coexistence of high blood pressure and lipid disorders strongly justifies the need to measure blood lipid levels in every case of high blood pressure and to apply appropriate treatment. Studies show that people using modern NL-Epithalon therapy exhibit better and, above all, normal lipid metabolism, which leads to lowering high blood pressure and thus reduces the overall risk of cardiovascular diseases and ailments.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J, Chai TT, et al. A Global Review on Short Peptides: 2. Frontiers and Perspectives. Molecules. 2021;26(2):430. Published 2021 Jan 15. doi:10.3390/molecules26020430

2. Adult Treatment Panel III: Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. JAMA 2001, 285: 2486-97